Some of the devastating cloudburst-triggered debris flows and flash floods that occurred in the Uttarakhand Himalaya are Rudraprayag on 14th September 2012, Munsiyari on 18th August 2010, Kapkot on 19th August 2010, Nachni on 7th August 2009, Malpa and Ukhimath on 17th August 1998, Badrinath on 24th July 2004, and the Alaknanda River valley on 1970. Are you still spending hours in reading newspapers and making notes? Mass tourism during the rainy season enhances the intensity of disasters. Cloud Bursts Cloudbursts If rainfall of about 10 cm or above per hour is recorded over a place that is roughly 10 km2 in area, it is classified as a cloudburst event. By India Today Education Desk: In a momentous achievement, Head Constable Ram Bhajan of the Delhi Police Cyber Cell, South West District, has cleared the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination 2022.The UPSC CSE 2022 results were declared on Tuesday. Asia Pac J Tour Res APJTR 23(3):312322. Identifying areas of heavy rainfall can do a lot in evading the danger and minimizing the damage. The slope gradient, accessibility, economic conditions, and climate of the villages were assessed and based on which, the susceptibility analysis of the villages was carried out. These floods can cause uprooting of trees and movement of boulders and other debris. The streams, along which the settlements are constructed, are fragile and highly vulnerable to landslide hazards. It receives many hazards mainly cloudburst-triggered debris flows, flash floods, landslides, and mass movements during the monsoon season every year. However, these hazards are the least understood because of the remoteness of the areas and lacking meteorological stations (Thayyen et al. 2006 ). Then, the critical uncertainties are to be identified, and finally, a possible scenario can be developed. Cite this article. Proper and effective weather warning systems can be helpful indicators for people. This results in flash floods in the mountainous areas and urban floods in the cities. Rainfall occurs when the moisture evaporates, condenses, and precipitates from the sky. We give special emphasis on smart work and personal mentorship. The four affected villagesNirakot, Mando, Kankrari, and Siror are located in the upper Bhagirathi catchment, which is prone to geo-hydrological hazards. Similarly, from May to September 2021, 17 major cloudburst incidences were occurred in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, resulting in the death of 34 people and 144 animals, and 106 houses were buried. Recurrent flooding of farming land and human settlement has grave consequences on the national economy and society. The first author analyzed data, prepared maps, and diagrams, and wrote the manuscript. The intensity, frequency, and severity of these hazards have been observed to increase during the recent past. The results showed that during the cloudburst, the relative humidity and cloud cover was at the maximum level with low temperature and slow winds. Introduction to Landslides Landslide is a rapid movement of rock, soil, and vegetation down the slope under the influence of gravity. Debris flows and flash floods caused by glacier-bursts incidences were although not much frequent and intensive yet, during the recent past, their number has increased owing to changes in the climatic conditions. Through them, it is possible to forecast the possibility of cloudbursts about six hours in advance, sometimes even 12-14 hours in advance. The volume of debris and boulders can be seen in all the villages. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1430-y, Sati VP (2018a) Cloudburst triggered natural hazards in Uttarakhand Himalaya: mechanism, prevention and mitigation. As temperatures increase the atmosphere can hold more and more moisture and this moisture comes down as a short very intense rainfall for a short duration. Forecasts for a very small area can be done through the use of Doppler radars. By Raka Mukherjee: After heavy rains lashed Telangana, leading to flooding in parts of Bhadrachalam, Chief Minister K Chandrashekar Rao visited the area for flood relief. A study published last year studied the meteorological factors behind the cloudburst over the Kedarnath region. (UPSC 2019) (a) Clouds absorb the radiation released from the Earth's surface. The present study shows that the environmental and economic loss in the four villages of the Bhagirathi River valley was huge due to cloudburst-triggered debris flows and flash floods. 2021; Byers et al. (b) Clouds reflect back the Earth's radiation. The aggressiveness in nature and the scale of destruction of rainfall are scary at times. We gathered data on the major cloudburst incidences in Uttarakhand in the monsoon seasons of 2020 and 2021 from the state disaster relief force (SDRF), Dehradun. But this question is asking about the Thunder i.e. If rainfall of about 10 cm or above per hour is recorded over a place that is roughly 10 km2in area, it is classified as a cloudburst event. With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of the recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttrakhand. In: Chen-lung C, Major JJ (eds) Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment. Geoenviron Disasters 7:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-00153-z, Mayowa O, Pour SH, Mohsenipour S, Harun M, Heryansyah SB, Ismail HT (2015) Trends in rainfall and rainfall-related extremes in the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. Similarly, the intensity and frequency of natural hazards were observed high. These warnings allow for timely evacuation of vulnerable areas and the implementation of emergency response measures. Download the ClearIAS mobile apps now to supplement your self-study efforts with ClearIAS smart-study training. In an exclusive interview with Crime Tak, he said that he had failed the UPSC exam seven times and finally got success . Cloudbursts can be accompanied by hail and thunderstorms. The rainfall itself does not result in the death of people, though sometimes, the raindrops are big enough to hurt people in a sustained downpour. It carries the falling raindrops along with it. Cloudburst occurred in the Pahalgam area on the route to Shri Amarnath Shrine in Jammu and Kashmir which saw at least eight casualties. What is the cause of cloudbursts? The most visible effect of a cloudburst is landslides. What are the different types of droughts? The upper part of these clouds is flattened in the shape of a large plume. New Delhi, UPDATED: Jul 19, 2022 13:41 IST. Flash floods and cloudbursts were reported from various districts of Himachal Pradesh. Fragile landscape, rough and rugged terrain, and precipitous slope accentuate the magnitude of geo-hydrological hazards. Two cows from Mando village died. Floods do not just destroy valuable crops every year but also damage physical infrastructure such as roads, rails, bridges and human settlements. Further, the psychological problems are immense. On July 28, at least seven people were killed, 17 injured and over 35 missing after a cloudburst hit a remote village of Jammu and Kashmir. What can be forecasted is the spell of heavy rainfall due to convergence of many meteorological conditions. Virtual machines, disk operations, traffic, database writes, containers are all resources that will cost money, and under load, a lot of money. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Correspondence to Sati, V.P., Kumar, S. Environmental and economic impact of cloudburst-triggered debris flows and flash floods in Uttarakhand Himalaya: a case study. J Earth Sys Sci 124(8):16091622, Naithani AK, Rawat GS, Nawani PC (2011) Investigation of landslide events on 12th July 2007 due to cloudburst in Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, India. The intensity of rainfall is often more than 100mm/h (Das et al. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, pp 5162, Cook KL, Andermann C, Gimbert F, Adhikari BR, Hovius N (2018) Glacier lake outburst floods as drivers of fluvial erosion in the Himalaya. Around 1 million aspirants learn from the ClearIAS every month. The slope gradient of these villages varies from 15 to 70. Google Scholar, Das PK (2015) Global warming, glacial lakes and cloud burst events in UttarakhandKumaon Himalaya: a hypothetical analysis. There were large forest and arable land degradation, forest and fruit trees were dislocated, loss of lifehuman and animal, and the houses and bridges were collapsed. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_11, Chapter The cloudburst is a natural phenomenon, but occurs quite unexpectedly, very abruptly, and rather drenching. What is the difference between cloudburst and rainfall? The national highway is passing through the right bank of the Bhagirathi River and the affected villages are situated on the left bank. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The increasing number of infrastructural facilities on the valley bottom has accelerated damages owing to exposed elements in risk-prone areas (Sati 2014; ICIMOD 2007a, b; Chalise and Khanal 2001; Bhandari 1994; Uttarakhand 2017). It is also called the Indian Central Himalayan Region. These incidences resulted in the death of 22 people and 77 animals, and 19 houses were fully damaged. A total of 19 buildings were damaged whereas a total of 14 bridges, connecting the affected villages were washed away. You will have to pay for each service you use. New drops are formed and existing raindrops gain in size. The four villagesNirakot, Mando, Kankrari, and Siror of Uttarkashi district, located down slopes of the hilltop and close to the Uttarkashi town, were severely affected due to debris flow (Table 2). Inhabitation of low-lying areas should also be reduced. These floods can cause uprooting of trees and movement of boulders and other debris. A constant update on the weather is highly recommended with early warning and decision support systems. But they are expensive. Rainfall and Cloudbursts only differ in the quantity of rain received. To assess the debris and the damaging areas, the authors travelled from the source areas to the depositional zones and measured the volume of debrisboulders, pebbles, sands, and soils using a formula; circumference=2R and area= * R2. A rapid downward movement of a huge mountain landmass is termed a landslide. The weather satellites also fail to forecast cloudburst since the resolution of rainfall radars are quite smaller as compared to the area covered by a cloudburst. Dystrophy with disability i.e. The villages were divided into very high susceptibility, high susceptibility, and moderate susceptibility levels. We suggest that the old inhabited areas, which are located in the risk zones, can be relocated and the new settlements can be constructed in safe places using suitability analyses. How is it different from rainfall? The disruptive events, cloudbursts occur during the monsoon season in the Himalaya and trigger debris flows, flash floods, landslides, and mass movements (Fig. Cumulonimbus clouds are responsible for heavy rainfall. Springer Nature. Get Unlimited Access to Test Series for 750+ Exams and much more. Cloudburst is defined as a geo-hydrological hazard. Google Scholar, Asthana AKL, Sah MP (2007) Landslides and cloudbursts in the Mandakini Basin of Uttarakhand Himalaya. UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam - 2nd May 2023 . Cumulonimbus clouds are responsible for the heavy downpour. It is a situation of rapid flooding in low-lying areas after an intense spell of rain. This moisture comes down as a short, very intense rainfall, probably in half an hour or one hour. Loss of forests and wild flora and fauna. Many of them are living below the poverty line in these villages. The trend of occurring natural hazards has been increasing. From May to September 2020, 13 major cloudburst incidences were noticed in Uttarakhand (Table 1). As per the exact definition, any rainfall event of 10 cm or more spread over an area of 20-30 square kilometres within an hour will be characterised as a cloudburst. 2018; Cook et al. Growing population and the construction of settlements and infrastructural facilities on the fragile slopes and along the river valleys have also caused severe hazards. Discuss the essential conditions that can trigger a cloudburst. These natural disasters are not only harmful to human beings but can also destroy the rich flora and fauna of a region. 2014; Mayowa et al. The Uttarakhand Himalaya is located in thenorth of India and south of the Himalaya. Valid till 12th June. Cloudburst-triggered debris flows, flash floods, landslides, and mass movements have become more intensive and frequent worldwide, mainly in the mountainous regions, causing large-scale destruction of people, land, and property (Houghton et al. Several studies have shown that climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of cloudbursts in many cities across the globe. Cloudbursts are sudden, unprecedented heavy rainfall that is local in nature and abrupt in action. The explanations are short, crisp and clear. A. Q.During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the: Select the correct option using the codes given below: NEETs All India Quota, and OBC & EWS reservation, One nation, one police is a reform that is long overdue, Recommended Books for UPSC Exam (Prelims & Mains), Must Read (OLD & NEW) NCERTs for IAS Preparation, CivilsDailys UPSC material and notes: FREE UPSC Materials for you, IAS officer salary after 7th Pay Commission | IAS Promotion Chart | Vs. IPS, IFS, Study Guide : How to prepare Polity for IAS Prelims, Comprehensive Self Study Plan for Indian History | IAS Prelims & Mains, Comprehensive Self Study Plan for Economics| IAS Prelims & Mains, Comprehensive Self-Study Plan for Physical Geography | IAS Prelims & Mains, UPSC IAS Prelims Trend Analysis Year-wise and subject-wise, UPSC Mains Solutions, Sample Answers, Civilsdaily TS Hit Ratio. The total number of fruit trees dislocated was 486. Thank you ClearIAS. About 14 million INR was lost due to the collapse of bridges. Explain by taking an example. In: International conference on climate change and natural hazards in mountain areas. Cloudbursts do happen in plains as well, but there is a greater probability of them occurring in mountainous zonesit has to do with the terrain: Cloudbursts happen when saturated clouds are unable to produce rain because of the upward movement of very warm current of air. Most of these happen in the Himalayan states where the local topology, wind systems, and temperature gradients between the lower and upper atmosphere facilitate the occurrence of such events. Hilly terrains aid in heated air currents rising vertically upwards in two ways, By allowing water laden winds to absorb more moisture from Terai. Rudraprayag 03 and Tehri, Almora, Bageshwar have recorded 01 each. Required fields are marked *, Get up to 60% off on our LIVE Online Classroom Program. India Meterological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, Joshi V, Maikhuri RK (1997) Cloudburst: a natural calamitya case study from Uttarakhand Himalaya, UP. As they zoom in over smaller areas, the forecasts get more and more uncertain. Cloudbursts are short-duration, intense rainfall events over a small area. Cloudbursts phenomena occur initially when the moisture-laden clouds do not cause any rainfall due to the upward movements of an extremely hot air current. and provides you crisp notes in simple language. Tackling climate change can positively impact weather phenomena and natural hazards. They analysed atmospheric pressure, temperature, rainfall, cloud water content, cloud fraction, cloud particle radius, cloud mixing ratio, total cloud cover, wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity during the cloudburst, before as well as after the cloudburst. The value of all these assets was calculated in Indian Rupees (INR) at the current price. A cloudburst is a localized but intense rainfall activity. As temperatures increase, the atmosphere can hold more and more moisture. The temperature differences between upper and lower atmospheric gradients, local wind systems, and local topology are some factors that impact cloudbursts intensity. A study published last year studied the meteorological factors behind the cloudburst over the Kedarnath region. Better infrastructure to modify homes in such a way to withstand floods can be another possible solution. Due to scientific advancements, there are some weather radars that can give timely updates regarding this but they are still at an early stage of development and are very expensive as well. The volume of debris, boulders, pebbles, gravels, and mud was assessed. Let's have a look at his journey. The study suggests policy measures to risk reduction and rehabilitation of settlements from danger zones to safer areas after suitability analysis. Every year, many cloudburst events occur here, cause to roadblocks, land degradation, forest and cropland loss, and losses of life and infrastructural facilities. According to the IMD, it is a weather phenomenon with unexpected precipitation exceeding 100mm/h over a geographical region of approximately 20-30 square km. A total of 770 forest trees were dislocated from all four villages, out of which, 500 were from the Kankrari village (highest). The calamity-prone Central Himalayas, Lok Soochana Evam Sahayata Kendra, Gopeshwar, Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India, pp 14, Bohra AK, Basu S, Rajagopal EN, Iyengar GR, Gupta MD, Ashrit R, Athiyaman B (2006) Heavy rainfall episode over Mumbai on 26 July 2005: assessment of NWP guidance. Land subsidence means a rapid and sudden sinking or settling of the earth's surface. But there are warnings for heavy to very heavy rainfall events, and these are routinely forecast four to five days in advance. It includes the area under existing crops both agriculture and horticulture. Around 16 candidates from Jammu and Kashmir have cracked the examination,'' she said. It reported 95mm of rain in an hour. Atmospheric changes during the occurrence of a cloudburst. We noticed thatNirakot village has very high susceptibility, Kankrari has high, and Siror and Mando have moderate susceptibility. The forecasts can be about light, heavy, or very heavy rainfall. The geo-hydrological eventscloudbursts and glacier bursts-triggered catastrophes are very common and devastating. (UPSC Mains 2016), Topicwise Notes for entire UPSC Syllabus. Tackling climate change can positively impact weather phenomena and natural hazards. Land subsidence is also a major consequence of cloudburst. After the Gujarat earthquake, the government of India, in recognition of the importance of Disaster Management, enacted the Disaster Management Act, which . After Effects of Cloudbursts Continuous and violent rainfall can result in heavy floods that can be dangerous. As large swathes of forests get flooded, a large number of animals die and trees get uprooted. Some of the recent instances of cloudbursts are: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasts rainfall events well in advance, but it does not predict the quantum of rainfall. Himal Geol 28:5967, Balakrishnan S (2015) Chennai flood of 15 December 2015: an extreme climatic event? "The ClearIAS platform is highly user-friendly. This study shows that the location of the settlements along with the proximity of the streams, which are very violent during the monsoon season, has led to the high impact of debris flow on the affected villages. In: Proceeding of national symposium on landslides in Sri Lanka, pp 271284, Bhatt O (1998) Living in the shadows of death: landslides in Uttrakhand. It is effective in creating floods. Effects of Cloudbursts. Twenty-five-year-old wheelchair-bound Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) scientist Kartik Kansal cracked the UPSC civil services examinations for the second time and secured Rank 271. In: Proceedings of international conference on mitigation of natural hazards in mountain areas Bishkek, SALAM, Kyrgyzstan. Cloudbursts can happen in deserts due to enhanced convection. Can lead to mudflows, landslides and land caving. ), Read about different types of clouds from the following link: Types of Clouds. The situation is getting normalised. Forest types comprise pine (sub-tropical) and oak and coniferous forests (temperate), used for fodder, firewood, and wild fruits. Int J Environ Sci 5(4):697708, Das S, Ashrit R, Moncrieff MW (2006) Simulation of a Himalayan cloudburst event. One of the major causes of cloudburst is the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. This topic is also relevant from the perspective of the mains for GS-2 and GS-3 papers. Manan Bhat, a resident of Soura area in the outskirts of the city, cleared the exam at 231st. This was a deadly disaster that saw at least 26 deaths and multiple injuries. Cloudbursts are short-duration, intense rainfall events over a small area. One of the most devastating consequences of cloudburst is flash floods. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. - Definition, Causes, Impacts, Examples manasamoh6xvn Read Discuss A cloudburst is the maximum volume of precipitation in a small duration of time. Geoenviron Disasters 9:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-022-00205-6, Thayyen RJ, Dimri AP, Kumar P, Agnihotri G (2013) Study of cloudburst and flash floods around Leh, India, during August 46, 2010. It causes the widespread destruction of both human and material resources. Based on the abovedescription, susceptibility analysis of the case study villages was carried out (Table 6). Cloudbursts are sudden and extreme rainfall events over a limited area in a short span of time. Cloudbursts can fastly create large amounts of water. In a long run, susceptibility analyses should be carried out to understand the risk to the settlements so that the settlements can be replaced on the safer side if needed. As a result, specific cloudburst events cannot be forecast. Similarly, by this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in half an hour would also be classified as a cloudburst". The environmental impact of cloudburst-triggered debris flow and flash flood in four villages of Uttarkashi district was analyzed (Table 3). Interesting information, it is not something that I would like to look for but I always learn something new every day, in my opinion option B is the correct one, it has become very clear to me what it is but does anyone know what is the solution to this problem? Short spells of very heavy rainfall over a small geographical area can cause widespread destruction, especially in hilly regions. These notes are loaded with facts, examples and diagrams for value addition in Mains. When the upward currents are weak, there is a sudden downpour. Kour said there has been an improvement in the learning environment in Jammu and Kashmir. A special budget can be allocated to hazard-prone villages during adverse situations. is an apex body for the disaster management of the country. The villages in the Uttarakhand Himalaya are located on the sloppy land and along the river valleys, which are fragile and very vulnerable to disasters. These are quite common in mountainous regions where temperature differences of upper and lower atmospheric air result in the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9571-6, Department of Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, India, You can also search for this author in The rivers flow above danger marks during the monsoon season cause threats to rural settlements. We drew the figure with a scale of 1cm is equal to 1m. The average biggest diameter of boulders was found in Mando village (6m), followed by Kankrari (5m) and Nirakot (4m) villages. There is a paucity of past data on cloudbursts; in addition, since only some of them get countedonly those that result in death and destructionthere is a problem of accuracy as well. A total of 30 major cloudburst incidences were recorded, out of which, 17 occurred in 2021. The intensity of rainfall is often more than 100 mm/h (Das et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Impacts of Cloudburst. There must be policies implementation programmes for providing immediate relief packages for the affected people in terms of food and shelters. Cambridge University Press, New York, p 572, ICIMOD (2007a) Inventory of glaciers, glacial lakes and identification of potential glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs) affected by global warming in the mountains of the Himalayan Region (DVD ROM). Both environmental degradation and economic losses in four villages were assessed. UPSC Coaching with India's Super Teachers. It really helped me in my prelims preparation. This includes the introduction of modern and advanced flood warning systems in risk areas, afforestation, and the use of scientific farming methods to reduce its impact and constructing homes in a way that is able to withstand such events. The Union Public Service Commission conducted the UPSC CSE Prelims Paper 1 and Paper 2 on May 28, 2023. It is indeed difficult to predict the cloudburst with accuracy. There are many locations along the river valleys where the houses are constructed on the debris, deposited by rivers during debris flow events. Disasters can lead to human, material, economic or environmental hardships, which can be beyond the bearable capacity of the affected society. It is expected that because of this situation a high amount of clouds may get condensed at a very rapid rate and result in a cloudburst. Some properties of cloudbursts have been discussed below: Here are some of the most important consequences of a cloudburst: Some examples of recent cloudbursts in India are as follows: There was a cloudburst event in Belagavi, Karnataka where the weather station recorded 95 mm of rainfall within an hour. Death or Serious Injury - Since they can occur without warning, it is no surprise that people can be seriously injured or killed by these natural disasters. Cloudburst is a spontaneous and very heavy rainfall which are localised in nature over a short time period. Figure5 shows four villagesNirakot, Mando, Kankrari, and Siror, which were severely affected by cloudburst-triggered debris flow and flash flood. Also, there is evidence suggesting that globally short-duration rainfall extremes are going to become more intense and frequent. Int J Geol Environ Eng 12(1):4538, Sati VP (2018b) Carrying capacity analysis and destination development: a case study of gangotri tourists/pilgrims circuit in the Himalaya. This results in flash floods in the mountainous areas and urban floods in the cities. Not all rainfalls are cloudbursts. It is quite common in Indias mountainous states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, etc. They wanted to relocate their houses and cowshed within the village territory with financial assistance from the state government. It is considered as the first step in any disaster management process as it involves: Risk assessment (to point out which measures to implement) and early warning systems. 2015; Malla et al. In terms of the total volume of debris, it was the highest in Kankrari village, followed by Mando, Nirakot, and Siror villages. Two mapscase study villages and the major cloudburst incidences2020 and 2021 were prepared and data were also presented using graphs. Dehradun and Pithoragarh districts have recorded 04 incidences each. The difficulty arises out of the fact that they take place over a very small area. Several studies have shown that climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of cloudbursts in many cities across the globe. The warm air from below restricts the fall of water. As per a report titled 'Assessment of Climate Change over India 2020' released by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, the Indian subcontinent,during the period of 1969-2015, experienced 130 mini-cloudburst events and one cloudburst event per year. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. It is a common phenomenon in Himalayan areas, especially in Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas. Past incidences depict that the Uttarakhand Himalaya suffered tremendously due to cloudburst-triggered calamities. We observed that the cloudburst triggered calamity in 2021 was higher than in 2020. 1). 2020; Sim et al. It has been observed that cloudburst-triggered incidences mainly occurred in remote places along the fragile river valleys and middle slopes. Although it is difficult to predict the occurrence of a cloudburst, there are several steps that can be taken to mitigate the loss of life and property. J Geogr Nat Disasters 8:110, Malla SB, Dahal RK, Hasegawa S (2020) Analyzing the disaster response competency of the local government official and the elected representative in Nepal. The major variables were the number of forest trees dislocated, total land degradation, land degradation under existing crops, number of fruit trees dislocated, land degradation under arable land, number of buildings were damaged, number of bridges damaged, and boulders volume. Kharif crops were growing in the arable land whereas a large cropland has been washed away. The MCQ Factory is THE ONLY package you need to subscribe for UPSC Prelims preparation as it covers all requirements of Prelims examination. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1079-9, Chalise SR, Khanal NR (2001) An introduction to climate, hydrology and landslide hazards in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. J Earth Syst Sci 115(3):299313. As a whole, about 31.62 million INR was lost due to cloudburst calamity. Cloudburst is an extreme amount of rainfall over a small area, mostly 100 mm per hour. A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation, sometimes with hail and thunder, which normally lasts no longer than a few minutes but is capable of creating flood conditions. It was noticed that all four villages got lots of destructions in terms of loss of lifepeople and animals, and property damageland, crops, and infrastructural facilities. Houses that collapsed due to calamity were six times higher in 2021 than in 2020. A total of 0.77 million INR was lost due to forest loss, and the loss from existing crops was 3.35 million INR. Not all instances of very heavy rainfall, however, are cloudbursts. Terms and Conditions, It results in loss of life and impacts vehicle traffic. National Institute of Disaster Management Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, Ruiz-Villanueva V, Allen S, Arora M, Goel NK, Toffel M (2017) Recent catastrophic landslide lake outburst floods in the Himalayan mountain range. Further, the cloudburst incidences are increasing due to climate change, the heads of households perceived. The Uttarakhand Himalaya, one of the integrated parts of the Himalaya, is the most fragile landscape and prone to geo-hydrological hazardscloudbursts, avalanches, and glacier bursts (Sati 2019). After a point, the raindrops become too heavy for the cloud to hold on to, and they drop down together in a quick flash. They occur naturally and cannot be stopped. Village-wise average diameter of boulders. To understand the difference let us dive deep into the topic. Landslides 16:533549. (200 Words) Drought is a temporary reduction in water or moisture availability below the normal or expected amount for a specific period. Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10 km area is classified as a cloudburst event. One such cloud burst in the Himalayan region occurred when the monsoon winds were rising along the slope of the Himalayas and were sucked further by the ascending jet streams resulting in a very heavy downpour that caused devastating floods and landslides in June 2013. In India, cloudburst occurs during the time of the South-West Monsoon from the month of June. Cloudburst can result in flash floods that can wash out everything in a matter of time. It also evaluates the human and economic losses like the killing of people, loss of existing crops, and damage of houses and cowsheds, respectively. the sound produced. No forecast ever mentions a possibility of a cloudburst. In India, cloudburst is quite common in the mountainous areas of North east, upper and middle Himalayas. The connectivity problem is immense all the time in these villages. Thunder happens because the lightning would heat the air at huge temperatures and the air expands so fast that it make a loud clap of thunder. In cloudbursts, smaller droplets of water coagulate with smaller ones and result in the Langmuir precipitation process (the process in which large droplets of rain coagulate with tiny droplets of rain, which fall down slowly. On July 18, 2021, a cloudburst hits the Hari Maharaj Parvat (hilltop) at an altitude of 2350m at 8:30p.m., which triggered huge debris flows and flash floods. Location map of cloudburst source andhit areas and their surroundings. According to the IMD, it is a weather phenomenon with unexpected precipitation exceeding 100mm/h over a geographical region of approximately 20-30 square km. The lossesenvironmental and economic are also huge. Solution to Reduce the Frequency and Effect of Cloudbursts: Similarly, the Himalayan region is prone to the occurrences of cloudburst-triggered hazards, causing huge loss of life and property and degradation of forest and arable lands (Bohra et al. The impact of a cloudburst depends on the scale of destruction it causes to the people and property. A cloudburst has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area is classified as a cloudburst event. Allen SK, Rastner P, Arora M, Huggel C, Stoffel M (2013) Lake outburst and debris flow disaster at Kedarnath, June 2013: hydrometeorological triggering and topographic predisposition. The loss of human life was substantial in both years. Here are some of the most important consequences of a cloudburst: The most visible effect of a cloudburst is landslides. Cloudbursts and climate change: Are cloudburst events increasing? Besides, it caused a huge loss to public property and landscape degradation. By Shruti Niraj: Ever since the UPSC civil service results have been declared, many lives have changed. One of the prominent eco-sensitive zones of the Uttarakhand Himalaya, the Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone is 120km long, spanning from Uttarkashi to Gaumukh, along the Bhagirathi River valley (Sati 2018a, b). The entire region had received 16 major geo-hydrological and terrestrial hazards within the last 50years (Bhambri et al. At the cloudburst hit area, it formed three gullies, which later on merged into three streams, along which these villages are located. Download the BYJU'S Exam Prep App for free IAS preparation videos & tests -, This topic has a high probability of being asked as a. . A large portion of arable land was flown which value was 11.3 million INR. Raka Mukherjee. For example, the high impact of cloudburst-triggered debris flow on the four study villages was mainly due to their location along the streams and on the fragile slopes. (UPSC 2016). The possibility of extremely heavy rainfall is forecast six to 12 hours in advance. It is indeed difficult to predict the cloudburst with accuracy. The rapid expansion causes the shock waves. It is a rapid flow of debris and dirt which gets stronger and liquified with the addition of fast moving water. Several studies have been carried out on glacier-bursts and cloudburst-triggered debris flows and flash floods in the Himalaya (Shugar et al. A major cloudburst and heavy rainfall on the intervening night of August 6, 2010, triggered mudslides, flash floods, and debris flow in Jammu and Kashmir's Ladakh. The loss of animals was quite high both the years. The requisite energy for the downpour comes from the movement of air upwards. It occurs in high-altitude regions like hills and mountains due to the formation of low-pressure areas. It mainly happens in hilly regions where this phenomenon is the most common. Based on the questions framed, we surveyed 143 heads of households of four villages, which were partially or fully affected due to cloudburst-triggered debris flow. Since the cloudburst event occurred at 8:30p.m., the people did not have time to move with their movable property and therefore, the magnitude of damage was enormous. This study reveals that most of the cloudbursts incidences in 202021 occurred mainly in the remote mountainous districts of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. Check. In: Tianchi L, Chalise SR, Upreti BN (eds) Landslide hazard mitigation in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. https://itoutposts.com/hybrid-cloud-solutions-waukesha/. From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : At least eight people have died after a cloudburst occurred at the Amarnath Cave Shrine near Pahalgam in south Kashmir. Almost every household of the villages were affected by cloudburst calamity. Climate Change Impact on India and World International Reports, Key Observations, etc. I was reading the comments and I see all positive comments about it, I was looking for a cloud service but now I have doubts whether to ask for a cloud or a hybrid cloud, I think I will opt for the second, letting myself be guided by the comments, the second is better, Legal and constitutional framework to deal with split in political party, Ex-NITI Aayog CEO Amitabh Kant is new G-20 Sherpa, Recommended Books for UPSC Exam (Prelims & Mains), Must Read (OLD & NEW) NCERTs for IAS Preparation, CivilsDailys UPSC material and notes: FREE UPSC Materials for you, IAS officer salary after 7th Pay Commission | IAS Promotion Chart | Vs. IPS, IFS, Study Guide : How to prepare Polity for IAS Prelims, Comprehensive Self Study Plan for Indian History | IAS Prelims & Mains, Comprehensive Self Study Plan for Economics| IAS Prelims & Mains, Comprehensive Self-Study Plan for Physical Geography | IAS Prelims & Mains, UPSC IAS Prelims Trend Analysis Year-wise and subject-wise, UPSC Mains Solutions, Sample Answers, Civilsdaily TS Hit Ratio. This topic is also relevant from the perspective of the mains for GS-2 and GS-3 papers. Cloudbursts result in a condition where there is torrential downpour accompanied by hail and thunder. The land degradation under existing crops was 22.6 acres in all four villages, varying from 0.1 acres in Siror to 20.6 acres in Kankrari. Additionally, the forecasts are for a relatively large geographical area, usually a region, a state, a meteorological sub-division, or at best a district. Photographs of four villages were used to present the destruction of villages due to the cloudburst event. (Click here), Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air. The results showed that during the cloudburst, the relative humidity and cloud cover was at the maximum level with low temperature and slow winds. Read to know more. 4). Prog Phys Geogr 41(1):328, Sati VP (2006) Natural hazards in an ecologically mountain terrain: a case for the Pindar Basin of Uttarancal Himalaya. Consequence and Control of Floods. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, ICIMOD (2007b) Flash flood hotspot mapping in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region (draft DVD ROM). Part of By this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in a half-hour period over the same area can also be categorized as a cloudburst. Rainfall over 100 mm or 10 cm per hour over a region of 20 to 30 square km falls into this category. Read More . 1.Concerning the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand. 71 towns and villages in Leh were affected in the region and at least 255 people died. You can also study other major topics related to UPSC IAS Exams with Testbook! Written by Amitabh Sinha New Delhi | August 22, 2022 04:05 IST A man salvages his belongings near a swollen river after a series of cloudbursts hit parts of Uttarakhand on Saturday. Four people died due to the calamitythree women from Mando village and 1 man from Kankrari village. The lowest trees dislocated were from Siror village (70). These studies were conducted from broader perspectives, mostly covering the entire Himalaya. These clouds normally form on warm sunny days but they can also be found on cold front. There is no universal definition of a cloudburst. Want to know more about this Super Coaching ? The all-India ranking helped me to analyse my performance at a pan-India level even before the actual UPSC exam. The terrain is undulating and precipitous and the landscape is fragile, vulnerable to natural hazards. These villages are located along the tributaries of the Bhagirathi River, with 2 to 5km distance from the road. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, IMD (2013) A preliminary report on heavy rainfall over Uttarakhand during 1618 June, 2013. The construction of hydropower projects along the river valleys without using sufficient technology further accentuates the vulnerability of debris flows and flash floods. Cloudburst, a geo-hydrological hazard, refers to a sudden and heavy rainfall that takes place within a short span oftime and a particular space (Sati 2013). Theoretically, it is not impossible to forecast rainfall over a very small area as well, but it requires a very dense network of weather instruments and computing capabilities that seem unfeasible with current technologies. About 93% of the Uttarakhand Himalaya is mountainous mainland, of which 16% is snow-capped. 2011). The Uttarakhand region is home to world-famous pilgrimages and natural tourism. The villages are located from the altitudes of 1180m (lowest) to 1620m (highest). This topic has a high probability of being asked as a UPSC Prelims Geography question. It recorded 213 mm of rain in one day. Nat Hazards 65(3):21752204, Upadhyay K (2014) A year later, no lessons learnt. This study was empirically tested and a qualitative approach was employed to describe data. A cloudburst is a localized but intense rainfall activity. The economic losses in 2021 were much higher than the losses in 2020 (Fig. The Uttarkashi town lies about 10km downstream of the affected villages. Loss of human lives, livestock, houses and bridges due to cloudburst in Uttarakhand during the 2020 and 2021. ''Many libraries are coming up. On. Out of the total 93% mountainous area, 16% is snow-capped, called the Greater Himalaya. Both differ in the quantity of rainfall recorded. That means that the wet spells are very wet, and are interspersed with prolonged dry spells even in the rainy season. Cloudburst is difficult to predict since it occurs suddenly with a catastrophic force and thereby inflicts enormous losses due to inundation and erosion. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Don't miss our email updates! 2016). It is occasionally accompanied by hailstorms and thunder. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1433220, Sati VP (2019) Himalaya on the threshold of change, advances in global change research series, scopus indexed. The economic impact due to cloudburst calamity was tremendous in the forms of a household affected, loss of human and animal life, building loss, forest loss, loss of existing crops including fruits, loss of arable land, and loss of bridges (Table 4). A cloudburst is defined very precisely, "If rainfall of about 10 cm or above per hour is recorded over a place that is roughly 10 km x 10 km in area, it is defined as a cloudburst event. Flooding: A cloudburst can have a devastating impact triggering flash floods. 2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-022-00208-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-022-00208-3. Also, there is evidence suggesting that globally short duration rainfall extremes are going to become more intense and frequent. The calamity also poses threat to the future, in terms of, the large deposition of debris including boulders, pebbles, and gravels in the villages along the streams and gullies. It has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10 km area is classified as a cloudburst event. CAS Proper and effective weather warning systems can be helpful indicators for people. 2006). Below the base of these clouds, there are dark low clouds that do not mix with the base of a cumulonimbus cloud. Testbook is always on the top of the list because of its best quality assured products like live tests, mocks, Content pages, GK and current affairs videos, and much more. Cloudburst is an important topic for the UPSC IAS exam and you should not consider missing out on it as it forms a critical part of geography subject in Mains GS Paper 1 and and Prelims GS Paper 1. We have often heard about cloudburst occurrences in states like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. On May 4th, 2018, a cloudburst occurred above Belagavi, Karnataka. It is a localised event and is sometimes accompanied by thunderstorms and hailstorms. It occurs in the months of June and July when southwest monsoon winds sail from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and bypass plains and move towards the hilly northern part of India. Gurukul Foundation 2024. . It is a huge, dense cloud that seems like a big mountain. 2018; Asthana and Sah 2007; Bhatt 1998; Joshi and Maikhuri 1997; NIDM 2015; IMD 2013; Khanduri et al. It also causes- Debris flows Landslides Mudslides Flooding Mass Movements Himachal Star, Feb 10, 2021, P 2, Dehradun; Delhi Post, March 01, 2021. https://delhipostnews.com/are-hydropower-projects-sustainable-in-uttarakhand/, Shugar DH, Jacquemart M, Shean D et al (2021) A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. Natural disasters are associated with the negative impacts of a natural hazard. One of the most devastating cloudburst-triggered debris flow events of this century occurred on the night of 16th and 17th June 2013 in the famous Hindu pilgrimage Kedarnath, which killed more than 10,000 people and devastated the entire Mandakini and Alaknanda river valleys (Upadhyay 2014; Sati 2013). As temperatures increase the atmosphere can hold more and more moisture and this moisture comes down as a short very intense rainfall for a short duration. 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