When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan launched a guerrilla onslaught meant to frighten its ruler into submission. [77][78], A Muslim shawl-making family shown in Cashmere shawl manufactory, 1867, chromolithograph, William Simpson, A group of Pandits, or Brahmin priests, in Kashmir, photographed by an unknown photographer in the 1890s, Brokpa women from Kargil, northern Ladakh, in local costumes. Mr Modi also cancelled a scheduled visit to the Pakistani capital, Islamabad, for a regional summit in 2017. India responded by saying they "regretted" Pakistan's statement and reiterating that Article 370 was an internal matter as it did not interfere with the boundaries of the territory. The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars. By that time, India and Pakistan had both declared themselves to be nuclear powers. 1. Two treaties were concluded. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The administrative capitals are Srinagar in summer and Jammu in winter. And two capitals too! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Corrections? Almost all the rivers originating in these region are part of the Indus river system. It includes almost all of the Jammu region. Since then, violence has been on the rise in the state. Identifying a very strange skeleton, Fossils reveal predator's struggle to survive mass extinction, You can't detox your uterusdebunking popular myths about PCOS, How bison have been brought back from the brink in Saskatchewan, A summer guide to Lisbon, from street art to hilltop lookouts, 10 national parks to avoid the summer crowds. In the last census of British India in 1941, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the Second World War, was estimated from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In July 1949, India and Pakistan signed an agreement to establish a ceasefire line as recommended by the UN and the region became divided. [43] Aksai Chin is a vast high-altitude desert of salt that reaches altitudes up to 5,000 metres (16,000ft). 10 Surprising Facts About Kashmir.SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/SubscribeFtdFactsHere are 10 surprising and interesting facts about the beautiful Kashmir. Seaweed may play a big role in the fight against climate change, Every season actually begins twiceheres why, Is banning fishing bad for fishermen? Kashmiris are well adept at knitting and making Pashmina shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas, and pottery. According to Burton Stein's History of India, Kashmir was neither as large nor as old an independent state as Hyderabad; it had been created rather off-handedly by the British after the first defeat of the Sikhs in 1846, as a reward to a former official who had sided with the British. Anger in Belgium over verdict in student's hazing death, Beijing's comedy crackdown is hitting its music scene, Tracking the rise of Russias missile strikes on Kyiv, Why Indian politicians woo the diaspora in the US, 'There's no one way to be autistic' Video'There's no one way to be autistic', Five ways to stay as healthy as the Dutch. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier-mch, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk. VideoFive ways to stay as healthy as the Dutch, Why the city that never sleeps is slowly sinking. [79] Kashmir has a 135km (84mi) long modern railway line that started in October 2009, and was last extended in 2013 and connects Baramulla, in the western part of Kashmir, to Srinagar and Banihal. Religion is one factor: Jammu and Kashmir is more than 60% Muslim, making it the only state within India where Muslims are in the majority. On 5 August, India revoked that seven-decade-long privileged status - as the governing party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), had promised in its 2019 election manifesto. In the British census of India of 1941, Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a sparse population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining 3%. The Himalayan slope and the Pir Panjal witness greatest snow melting from March until June. These river basins divide the region into three valleys separated by high mountain ranges. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Valley of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in India-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked. Fact 1: The June 3, 1947, partition plan announced by the British government and its 1947 Indian Independence Act pertained only to the directly-administered British provinces and other territories. The entire region is prone to violent seismic activity, and light to moderate tremors are common. In Kashmir, it is found primarily in the Dachigam National Park where it . 25 Amazing Facts About Kashmir January 17, 2022 Jammu and Kashmir is one of the most sought-after travel destination by people all over the world, as this region is blessed with a wonderful climate, natural beauty, and a rich diversity of plant and animal life. Weren't there high hopes for peace in the new century? It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the area and is mainly inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Kashmir Hill is a tech reporter based in New York. Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are administered by India as union territories. In 2021 it became the witness of 600000 visitors. It constitutes the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region that merge with the Indus River in eastern Pakistan. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Kashmir forests range from the tropical deciduous forests in the foothills of Jammu and Muzafarabad, to the temperate forests throughout the Vale of Kashmir and to the alpine grasslands and high altitude meadows in Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh. Noor Guesthouse is a good budget option at the Old Market on Dal Gate, on the bottom of Dal Lake. [45] The Kashmir stag ( Cervus hanglu hanglu ), also called hangul, is a subspecies of Central Asian red deer endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas. Jammu and Kashmir, India: streams and settlements. [12][13][14] Some other early references to Kashmir can also be found in Mahabharata in Sabha Parva and in puranas like Matsya Purana, Vayu Purana, Padma Purana and Vishnu Purana and Vishnudharmottara Purana. The vast majority of the union territory is mountainous, and the physiography is divided into five zones that are closely associated with the structural components of the western Himalayas. [43] Capital towns of the region are Leh and Kargil. It is drained principally by the Jhelum, Punch, and Chenab rivers. It includes the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the Pakistani states of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The chief trees are deodar, firs and pines, chenar or plane, maple, birch and walnut, apple, cherry. Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India. [46], To the north and northeast, beyond the Great Himalayas, the region is traversed by the Karakoram mountains. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a single administrative unit called Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). The total area of the State is 2223300 sq. Up to about 7,000 feet (2,100 metres), woodlands of deodar cedar, blue pine, walnut, willow, elm, and poplar occur. Could this simple plan save Africa's most mysterious cat? To view this content choose accept and continue. Of these, 2,154,695 (74.16%) were Muslims, 689,073 (23.72%) Hindus, 25,828 (0.89%) Sikhs, and 35,047 (1.21%) Buddhists (implying 935 (0.032%) others). The culture of Kashmir encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, architecture, traditions, and history of the Kashmiri people native to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.The culture of Kashmir was influenced by the Persian as well as Central Asian cultures after the Islamic invasion of Kashmir.Kashmiri culture is heavily influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism and later . [1][7][8][2], The word Kashmir is thought to have been derived from Sanskrit and was referred to as kmra. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plain. Two former chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir - the Indian state which encompasses the disputed territory - were placed under house arrest. Given its temperate climate, it is suited for crops like asparagus, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Today, the term encompasses a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract. The range receives heavy precipitation in the forms of winter snowfall and summer rain and has extensive areas of pasture above the tree line. Pro-Pakistani rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, and in September 1947, Pashtun tribesmen streamed over the border from Pakistan into Kashmir. But why do they dispute the territory - and how did it start? Under the partition plan provided by the Indian Independence Act, Kashmir was free to accede to either India or Pakistan. Though it feared civil war between Indias Hindu majority and Muslim minority, Britain faced increasing pressure to grant independence to its colony. In the alpine area average annual precipitation is about 3 inches (75 mm), but in the subtropical zone (around Jammu) rainfall amounts to about 45 inches (1,150 mm) per year. Facts About Jammu and Kashmir - Explained In Detail. India blames Pakistan for stirring the unrest by backing separatist militants in Kashmir - a charge its neighbour denies. India's decision to hold upcoming G20 meetings in Srinaga, the capital city of Indian-administered Kashmir, has been criticized by Pakistan which said New Delhi is exploiting its membership of an . However the two countries could not agree to a deal to demilitarise the region before the referendum could be held. A member of the Dogra dynasty, Hari Singh's rein was full of drama. A strong earthquake centred in neighbouring Pakistani-administered Kashmir killed hundreds in Jammu and Kashmir state in 2005. @ kashhill Kashmir's economy is centred around agriculture. Jammu and Kashmir encounter underway in Rajouri's Dassal forest area. From 10,500 to 12,000 feet (3,700 metres), birch is dominant, and above 12,000 feet there are meadows with rhododendrons and dwarf willows as well as honeysuckle. Updates? Kashmir is a geographical region that forms the northernmost part of the Indian Subcontinent.The region covers a total area of about 222,200 km 2 and is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region in the east, the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in the northeast, Pakistan in the west, Afghanistan in the northwest, and the Indian States of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in the south. rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Indian-administered Kashmir has held a special position within the country historically, thanks to Article 370 - a clause in the constitution which gave it significant autonomy, including its own constitution, a separate flag, and independence over all matters except foreign affairs, defence and communications. Kashmir By Yash Desai Information About Kashmir Map of Kashmir Kashmir is located in Northern Part of India It borders with Pakistan and China Located in the valley of Himalayas, Himalayas is shared by four countries Known as crown of India current conflicts in other words I will tell you how the one of the beautiful place in the world is turned into hell Conclusion Kashmir Kashmir is the part . Hussain, Ijaz. Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a line of control agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. The temperate zone between (1,5003,500 m) is referred as the Chir Pine (Finns longifolia). The narrow zone of plains landscape in the Jammu region is characterized by interlocking sandy alluvial fans that have been deposited by streams discharging from the foothills and by a much-dissected pediment (eroded bedrock surface) covered by loams and loess (wind-deposited silt) of Pleistocene age (about 11,700 to 2,600,000 years old). These variations in snow melt and rainfall have led to destructive inundations of the main valley. The Pir Panjal Range acts as an effective barrier and blocks these monsoon tracts from reaching the main Kashmir Valley and the Himalayan slopes. Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. The region was heavily glaciated during the Pleistocene Epoch, and remnant glaciers and snowfields are still present. In the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Muslimmostly Sunni, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the brahmin Kashmiri Pandits. It is traversed mainly by the Western Himalayas. It is located mostly in the Himalayan mountains. The upper portion of the Jhelum valley forms the proper Vale of Kashmir surrounded by high mountain ranges. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for one crore indemnity, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 lakhs all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus and the west of the Ravi i.e. Saffron, too, is grown in Kashmir. India and Pakistan did indeed agree a ceasefire in 2003 after years of bloodshed along the de facto border (also known as the Line of Control). [34] That same year, Prem Nath Bazaz, a Kashmiri Pandit journalist wrote: "The poverty of the Muslim masses is appalling. Jhelum River, river of northwestern India and northern and eastern Pakistan. However, since the plebiscite demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured,[40] and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in 1965 and 1999. Now a sudden change to Kashmir's status on the Indian side has created further apprehension. Kashmir has been a source of conflict between India and Pakistan for more than 70 years, Kashmir is known by some as India's Switzerland, due to its verdant fields and sweeping mountainscapes. The repercussions can still be felt today. Professor and Head, Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. The Dachigam National Park in the Valley holds the last viable population of Kashmir stag (Hangul) and the largest population of black bear in Asia. Delicious beverages of Kashmir 4. Rising northeast of the vale is the western part of the Great Himalayas, the peaks of which reach elevations of 20,000 feet (6,100 metres) or higher. [9] A popular local etymology of Kashmira is that it is land desiccated from water. Fresh encounter broke between the security forces and terrorists in Jammu and . Jammu and Kashmir have an international . It is located to the north of Himachal Pradesh & Punjab and to the west of Ladakh. One instance of such Kashmir flood of a larger proportion is recorded in the 12th-century book Rajatarangini. Following the bombing, India said it would take "all possible diplomatic steps" to isolate Pakistan from the international community. [41], Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, is a group of territories in the extreme north, bordered by the Karakoram, the western Himalayas, the Pamir, and the Hindu Kush ranges. These areas of the region receive much of their precipitation from the wind currents of the Arabian Sea. Blank, Jonah. [15], Huientsang, the Buddhist scholar and Chinese traveller, called Kashmir kia-shi-milo, while some other Chinese accounts referred to Kashmir as ki-pin (or Chipin or Jipin) and ache-pin.[13]. Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917. Thousands attended Wani's funeral, which was held in his hometown of Tral, about 40km (25 miles) south of the city of Srinagar. To the northwest lies the Hindu Kush mountain range. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been locked in conflict over Kashmir, a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part of India. It is an urban lake, the second largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir, and the most visited place in Srinagar by tourists and locals. ", The Kashmir Dispute: A Plan for Regional Cooperation, Kashmir and the Convergence of Time Space and Destiny by Patrizia Norelli Bachelet, United Nations Military Observers Group in Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir&oldid=1158256956, Kashmiri-speaking countries and territories, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. To the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan had a population ethnically related to that of Ladakh, but which practised Shia Islam. The insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir today is a shadow of the uprising of the mid-1990s when bombings and shootings were far more commonplace. A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule. That land came to be known as Kashyapamar and, later, Kashmir. As India prepares to host a meeting of tourism officials from the Group of 20 in the disputed region of Kashmir, authorities have deployed elite commandos and stepped up security in the regions largest city. The lowest part of the region consists of the plains of Jammu at the southwestern corner, which continue into the plains of Punjab at an elevation of below 1000 feet. The word has been referenced to in a Hindu scripture mantra worshipping the Hindu goddess Sharada and is mentioned to have resided in the land of kashmira, or which might have been a reference to the Sharada Peeth. The people in the Jammu area are Muslim in the west and Hindu in the east and speak Hindi, Punjabi, and Dogri. Anti-India sentiment in the state has ebbed and flowed since 1989, but the region witnessed a fresh wave of violence after the death of 22-year-old militant leader Burhan Wani in July 2016. In General Knowledge. The zone receives some rain from the southwest monsoon in the summer monthsand the lower slopes are forestedbut the mountains constitute a climatic divide, representing a transition from the monsoon climate of the Indian subcontinent to the dry continental climate of Central Asia. From the 17th to the 20th century, Britain ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, first indirectly through the British East India Company, then from 1858 directly through the British crown. "[35] Under Hindu rule, Muslims faced hefty taxation and discrimination in the legal system, and were forced into labor without any wages. Feelings of disenfranchisement have been aggravated in Indian-administered Kashmir by high unemployment, and complaints of human rights abuses by security forces battling street protesters and fighting insurgents. In an ominous warning, he said: "If the world does not act today (if) the developed world does not uphold its own laws, then things will go to a place that we will not be responsible for.". Wani - whose social media videos were popular among young people - is largely credited with reviving and legitimising the image of militancy in the region. Editor's Note: This story has been updated to reflect the current political situation in Kashmir. With its administrative centre in the town of Gilgit, the Northern Areas cover an area of 72,971 square kilometres (28,174sqmi) and have an estimated population approaching 1million (10 lakhs). To the north, also sparsely populated, Gilgit Agency was an area of diverse, mostly Shia groups, and, to the west, Punch was populated mostly by Muslims of a different ethnicity than that of the Kashmir valley. She writes about the unexpected and sometimes ominous ways technology is changing our lives, particularly when it comes to our privacy. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [57] The botanical garden and the tulip gardens of Srinagar built in the Zabarwans grow 300 breeds of flora and 60 varieties of tulips respectively. The countryside has been almost entirely denuded of trees, and thorn scrub and coarse grass are the dominant forms of vegetation. Temperatures vary considerably by elevation; at Srinagar the average minimum temperature is in the upper 20s F (about 2 C) in January, and the average maximum is in the upper 80s F (about 31 C) in July. [68], The Kashmiri Pandits, the only Hindus of the Kashmir valley, who had stably constituted approximately 4 to 5% of the population of the valley during Dogra rule (18461947), and 20% of whom had left the Kashmir valley to other parts of India in the 1950s,[69] underwent a complete exodus in the 1990s due to the Kashmir insurgency. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade. Kashmir remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. You may want to read Twitters cookie policy, external and privacy policy, external before accepting. Baramulla resident: 'Our livelihood is affected, nobody is at peace'. Evans, Alexander. The maharaja (local ruler), Hari Singh, initially wanted Kashmir to become independent - but in October 1947 chose to join India, in return for its help against an invasion of tribesmen from Pakistan. We ask for your permission before anything is loaded, as they may be using cookies and other technologies. [30], The state of Jammu, which had been on the ascendant after the decline of the Mughal Empire, came under the sway of the Sikhs in 1770. How'd she do it? Precipitation increases with elevation, and the lower scrubland gives way to pine forests higher up. Snowfall often is accompanied by rain and sleet. https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir, Official Site of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India, Official Tourism Site of Jammu and Kashmir Tourist Development Corporation, India, Jammu and Kashmir - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), With G20 event, India seeks to project normalcy in disputed Kashmir. On August 14, 1947, the independent, Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan was formed. Check them out, each one is as interesting as the next. In the far north, for example, the maharajas authority certainly extended to the Karakoram Range, but beyond that lay a debatable zone on the borders of the Turkistan and Xinjiang regions of Central Asia, and the boundary was never demarcated. [60][61], Kashmir region is home to rare species of animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. The forests vary according to the climatic conditions and the altitude. [50] After reaching the end of the Great Himalayan range, the Indus turns a corner and flows southwest into the Punjab plains. Among the wild mammals found in the union territory are the rare hangul (or Kashmir stag) found in Dachigam National Park, the endangered markhor (a large goat) inhabiting mainly protected areas of the Pir Panjal Range, and black and brown bears. High altitude lakes are frequent at high elevations. Why is a top British morning TV show in crisis? 2023 BBC. Ms Mufti told the BBC: "They just want to occupy our land and want to make this Muslim-majority state like any other state and reduce us to a minority and disempower us totally.". The Kashmir region is predominantly mountainous, with deep, narrow valleys and high, barren plateaus. Author of various articles on southern Asia. Singh agreed and signed the Instrument of Accession, the document that aligned Kashmir with the Dominion of India, in October 1947. The Pir Panjal Range constitutes the first (southernmost) mountain rampart associated with the Himalayas in the union territory and is the westernmost of the Lesser Himalayas. The climate of the region ranges from subtropical in the southwestern lowlands to alpine throughout the high mountain areas. Consisting of an ancient rock core of granites, gneisses, quartz rocks, and slates, it has been subject to considerable uplift and fracturing and was heavily glaciated during the Pleistocene Epoch.

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